In previous issues, we have discussed troubleshooting input modules. In the examples, the output modules checked out OK. But what if they don't? As with input modules, output modules can be digital or ...

I/O modules are building blocks of industrial control systems used in end equipment such as PLC (Programmable Logic Controllers), PAC (Programmable Automation Controller) and DCS (Distributed Control ...

Optoisolators—also called optocouplers or photoisolators—are widely used to provide galvanic (ohmic) isolation of digital-signal inputs and outputs in industrial environments, as well as in other ...

Fig 1. An SPI-based output driver (in this case, an L9822 octal relay driver from STMicroelectronics) can be used to provide a random mix of I/O pins at the chip’s output. The circuit in (a) senses a ...

I/O modules are building blocks of industrial control systems used in end equipment such as PLC (Programmable Logic Controllers), PAC (Programmable Automation Controller) and DCS (Distributed Control ...