If you’ve worked with germanium transistors, you’ll know that many of them have a disappointingly low maximum frequency of operation. This has more to do with some of the popular ones dating from the ...

Everyone interested in analog electronics should find some value in this post. Of course, an effort has been made here to make the content understandable to relative newbies. Forget about complex ...

Measuring phase noise with a spectrum analyzer. The primary advantage of dedicated phase-noise analyzers. The cross-correlation method. Using a spectrum analyzer is the oldest, most straightforward, ...

The TFF100xHN family of Ku-band RF PLLs has integrated VCO intended for low phase-noise local oscillator (LO) circuits in Ku-band VSAT transmitters and transceivers. Manufactured in a high-performance ...

The evolution of precision clocks. The tradeoffs between MEMS vs. crystal oscillators. The manufacture and cost issues involved. Almost every electronic device you can imagine depends on a precision ...

In recent years, optical vortices have attracted extensive attention in laser advanced manufacturing because of their annual intensity distribution and orbital angular momentum. Compared with the ...