In Newen and Montemayor’s evolutionary framework, basic arousal developed first. It’s like nature’s security alarm, warning ...

Consciousness evolved in stages, starting with basic survival responses like pain and alarm, then expanding into focused awareness and self-reflection. These layers help organisms avoid danger, learn ...

Do you find yourself thinking about how others see you? Do you often worry about offending or upsetting others? Do you get stressed out about having to perform in front of others? Then you might be ...

Purposes of pleasure and pain? Our conscious experience makes up our lives, often through positive pleasure: I feel the warm sun on my skin, I hear the singing of birds, I enjoy the moment. Yet we ...

It is a new year with new possibilities and new aspirations. It is also time for us as educators to reset, prioritize and set ...

People who are self-conscious already struggle with presenting themselves and interacting with others every day. It's even more difficult when faced with the questions deeply self-conscious people ...

Renzo Lanfranco receives funding from the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet) and the Strategic Research Area Neuroscience (StratNeuro). Most of us go through the day without thinking much ...

Consciousness is not just experience—it is experience that can take itself as an object. The critical turn occurs when "happening" becomes "happening to me," and later becomes "me noticing myself ...