The study of electrophysiology began in the 18 th century with Luigi Aloisio Galvani’s pioneering experimental discovery. The legs of a dead frog could be induced to twitch when a small electric shock ...

Recently, researchers developed a non-invasive method combining electrical impedance tomography and extracellular voltage activation to evaluate drug effects on ion channels. The resulting printed ...

Manual patch clamping requires considerable skill and experience due to the technically challenging setup requirements, and as such, only allows recording of a small sample of cells (approximately ...